This chapter looks at the responses of international law in general, and of the international human rights regime in particular, to mass violations of human rights and humanitarian law. The primary focus is on the evolution of the field of international criminal law (ICL) since the Nuremberg judgment, with emphasis on the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC was created by the Rome Statute of 1998, and brought into existence when the Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002, after sixty states had ratified the treaty. The ad hoc tribunals set up by the Security Council in relation to the former Yugoslavia in 1993 and Rwanda in 1994 played a crucial role in developing both the legal and procedural foundations of this body of law.